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New study explains how the human brain evolved differently from Neanderthals


Experiments on mice have helped scientists identify some key differences in brain development in modern humans and our closest relatives, Neanderthals. After our ancestors split from the Neanderthals, about a hundred amino acids underwent changes and spread to almost all modern humans. The reason behind this change has puzzled scientists all along. However, six of the amino acid changes were found to have occurred in three proteins that play an important role in the distribution of chromosomes or carriers of genetic material to daughter cells during division. cell division in our body.

To delve deeper into the cause, researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics in Germany and the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology introduced modern human variants in mice. Six Amino Acids the same position in both rats and Neanderthals.

Thus, the mice provided scientists with a model to study humans Brain evolution. “We found that the three modern human amino acids in two of the proteins caused a longer metabolism, a stage where chromosomes are prepared for cell division and regulation. This results in fewer errors when chromosomes are distributed to neural stem cell daughter cells, as in modern humans,” explain geneticist Felipe Mora-Bermúdez. He is the main author of research published year Scientific advance.

To find out if the Neanderthal set of amino acids had the opposite effect, the researchers injected ancestral amino acids into organic matter in the brain. These are small organ-like structures that can be grown in cell culture dishes in the laboratory using human stem cells. Brain organoids mimic aspects of early human brain development.

In this case, the team notes that the permutation process is shorter while the number of chromosome distribution errors is also greater. Mora-Bermúdez describes that amino acids in modern humans are responsible for fewer errors in chromosome distribution. “Chromosome counts are often not a good idea for cells, as can be seen in disorders like trisomies and cancers,” says Mora-Bermudez.


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